Amanita phalloides (Fr.:Fr.) Link.
Handb. Erkenn. nutzb. hänfigst. ewächse 3: 272. 1833.

Common Name: Death Cap

• Pileus

  Cap 3.5-15 cm broad, convex, expanding to nearly plane, at maturity the disc sometimes slightly raised or depressed; margin entire, seldom striate, or if so, obscurely so; surface subviscid when moist, smooth, occasionally with a faint, appressed, white universal veil patch; color: olive, olive-brown, to yellowish-brown, rarely white, typically with innate, darker streaks, the margin paler, fading overall to dull tan in age; flesh soft, white, moderately thick at the disc, unchanging, at times yellowish-brown just below the cuticle; odor slightly pungent; taste mild.

• Lamellae

  Gills free, close, moderately broad, white becoming cream, staining pink to vinaceous with concentrated sulfuric acid.

• Stipe

  Stipe 4-18 cm long, 1-3 cm thick, equal to tapering to an enlarged, sometimes bulbous base, usually solid but the apex sometimes stuffed; surface finely striate at the apex, otherwise smooth or with scattered, flattened small scales, white to pale yellowish; flesh white, firm, unchanging; partial veil membranous, cream-colored to tinged like the cap, the upper surface striate, lower surface slightly pubescent, forming a pendulous, superior annulus; volva membranous, thin, white, sac-like, usually erect from the stipe.

• Spores

  Spores 7-12 x 6-10 µm, ovoid to elliptical, amyloid; spore print white.

• Habitat

  Solitary, scattered, to gregarious under Coast Liveoak (Quercus agrifolia), occasionally with other oaks and ornamental hardwoods; fruiting sporadically during the summer months in watered areas or from fog drip along the coast; common from early to mid-winter.

• Edibility

  Deadly poisonous! A. phalloides contains both phallotoxins and amanitins. It is the amanitins that are responsible for the poisonings in humans. Amanitins are cyclic octapeptides that stop protein synthesis in the cells they encounter. All human organs are effected, but damage to the liver is most severe and liver failure is primarily responsible for the death of A. phalloides victims. Symptoms usually appear 8-12 hours after ingestion. Death occurs in 7-10 days in 10-15% of patients.

• Comments

  A large, handsome mushroom, the Death Cap is often abundant under oaks in the Bay Area, especially in warm, wet years. Because of its toxicity, it should be one of the first mushrooms learned. Fortunately, Amanita phalloides is distinctive and with experience, easily identified. Important field characters are the smooth, yellowish-green to yellowish-brown cap, sometimes with a thin, appressed white universal veil patch, usually non-striate cap margin, free, cream-colored gills, normally solid, not hollow stipe, pendulous annulus, and thin, white, membranous, sac-like volva. The Death Cap is found widely in coastal areas as well as inland at low elevations. A rare, white form of this mushroom, var. alba resembling the Death Angels of the Eastern U.S (Amanita verna, A. virosa ), also occurs in the Bay Area. Another lethal Amanita found locally is Amanita ocreata. Cream-colored, and similar in appearance to the Death Cap, it fruits under Liveoak (Quercus agrifolia) during the spring.

• References

  Ammirati, J.F., Thiers, H.D. & Horgen, P.A. (1977). Amatoxin-containing mushrooms: Amanita ocreata and A. phalloides in California. Mycologia 69: 1095-1108.
  Jenkins, David T. (1986). Amanita of North America. Mad River Press: Eureka, CA. 197 p.
  Pringle, A. & Vellinga, E.C. (2006). Last chance to know? Using literature to explore the biogeography and invasion biology of the death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr. :Fr.) Link. Biological Invasions 6: 1131-1144.
  Thiers, Harry D. (1982). The Agaricales (Gilled Fungi) of California. 1. Amanitaceae. Mad River Press: Eureka, CA. 53 p.

• Other Descriptions and Photos
  • Tom Duffy: Amanita phalloides (CP) — young sporocarps just breaking through the universal veil
  • Bill Freedman: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Fred Stevens: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Fred Stevens: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Fred Stevens: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Fred Stevens: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Fred Stevens: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Fred Stevens: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Fred Stevens: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — growing with Lithocarpus densiflorus (tanbark oak)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — growing with Lithocarpus densiflorus (tanbark oak)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — growing with Lithocarpus densiflorus (tanbark oak)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — growing with Lithocarpus densiflorus (tanbark oak)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — growing with Lithocarpus densiflorus (tanbark oak)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides var. alba (CP) — the white form of Amanita phalloides
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — note the atypically thick voval cup and cap resembling Amanita calyptrata
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — these very small A. phalloides grow every August under a Quercus suber (cork oak)
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP) — note the atypical strongly striate margin
  • Michael Wood: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Beverly Hackett: Amanita phalloides (I)
  • Mushroom Observer: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Associació Micològica Joaquim Codina: Amanita phalloides (D & CP)
  • The Bad and Ugly: Amanita phalloides (D & CP)
  • Il Mondo dei Funghi: Amanita phalloides (D & CP)
  • Terra Foundation: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Na Grzyby!: Amanita phalloides (D & CP)
  • Informationszentrale gegen Vergiftungen der Universiteat Bonn: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Sommario funghi: Amanita phalloides (D & CP)
  • Svampbok: Amanita phalloides (D & CP)
  • Robert Rich: Amanita phalloides (D & CP)
  • Pilze, Pilze, Pilze: Amanita phalloides (CP)
  • Ammirati et al.: p.88 (D), fig. 36 (CP)
  • Arora (1986): p. 269 (D & P), plate 50 (CP)
  • Arora (1991): p. 64-65 (D & CP)
  • Benjamin: Chapter 12 (Toxicity Info), plates 1, 2 (CP)
  • Breitenbach & Kränzlin (vol. 4): sp. 154 (D, I, & CP)
  • Fischer & Bessette: p. 151 (D & CP)
  • Jordan: p. 198 (D & CP)
  • Jenkins: p.149 (D), figs. 15, 16 (CP)
  • Lincoff: p. 543 (D), plate 114 (CP)
  • McKenny et al.: p. 39 (D & CP)
  • Miller: p. 28 (D)
  • Phillips: p.28 (D & CP)
  • Smith: sp. 120 (D & CP)
  • Smith & Weber: sp. 154 (D & CP)
  • Spoerke & Rumack, eds.: Chapter 10 (Toxicity Info)
  • Thiers (1982): p. 35 (D)
  
  

  (D=Description; I=Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Color Photo)